The Creation Story of Ancient Babylon Essay Example for Free

The Creation Story of Ancient Babylon Essay The Enuma Elish is one of the most famous stories in the Babylonian corpus of mythology. It is a creation story that is erroneously through to have led to the creation story in Genesis. Some, such as Bracher (2006) hold that this story is no more than the recitation of much older stories personifying the agricultural movement between birth (Spring) and death (later fall, after the harvest). The two major figures are Tiamat and Apsu, both gods of water, but two distinct properties of water: the one, the water used to fertilize fields, water that is fresh and good, but the other, salty and chaotic, the goddess of the Ocean, that is Tiamat. Timat, the female, with her husband Apsu gives birth to two gods of intermediate rank: that of the sky, and their names are Anshar and Kishar. These gods begin, like so many gods do, by behaving badly, and they ultimately need to be destroyed. Eah, the grandson of Tiamat, once this plan to have them destroyed is realized, he seeks to murder his grandfather Apsu. Once this is done, Eah and Damkina, his wife, give birth to the chief of the Babylonian pantheon, Marduk, the patron of the city and of Babylonian civilization. So far, it is quite a stretch to see how this has anything to do with the story of creation found in Genesis. Marduk is similar to the Greek god Apollo, for he the god of the sun, of geometry and order, all things necessary to build a city. He is the god of â€Å"re-creation† or re-creating an allegedly bad earth through the ingenuity of man, urban, civilized man. Once the murder of Apsu is discovered, Tiamat marries again and seeks to wreak havoc on the children and grandchildren. In the first tablet (section 90), Marduk is described in this way: He rendered him perfect and endowed him with a double godhead. Greatly exalted was he above them, exceeding throughout. Perfect were his members beyond comprehension, Unsuited for understanding, difficult to perceive. Four were his eyes, four were his ears; When he moved his lips, fire blazed forth. Tiamat, as said before, is chaos. She is the sea, not only dangerous, but useless in that one cannot drink it and one cannot grow crops by watering them with it. She, however, is a perennial element in the universe, the chaos of which all urban, civilized societies fear. The second tablet says: â€Å"Her decrees are firm, they are beyond resisting. † In other words, all civilizations fail. Man and technics can only go so far in taming her. He is the primal nature seeking revenge against the forces of man who have slashed into her with civilization: with technology (that Babylon had in abundance,) building of stone and cutting down trees of fuel and building materials. It seems here that Marduk is this god of civilization, that needs to â€Å"cut into† Tiamat in order to build their civilization. That the Babylonians had learned to harness water might have something to do with this fear of chaos. At the end of section 20 of Tablet II, this description of Tiamat’s army is given: She has set up the Viper, the Dragon, and the Sphinx, The Great-Lion, the Mad-Dog, and the Scorpion-Man, Mighty lion-demons, the Dragon-Fly, the Centaur Bearing weapons that spare not, fearless in battle Many of these objects and creatures became part of later mythological constructions. The Sphinx is the most fascinating, but its adoption by Egypt makes little sense, not only in that the two civilizations were bitter enemies, but that if the Sphinx is part of the arsenal of disorder, in that it works for Tiamat, how was it adopted as a major figure by Egypt? The Great Lion was used in Israel and Ethiopia, the Dragon is well known throughout ancient mythology of both eastern and western background (a dragon is just an old name for the dinosaur). It seems that this anti-pantheon is very important to mythology and might speak of either the land based forces of chaos and their affect on man (i. e. the scorpion man). In the meantime, Eah has learned of Tiamat’s plan, but it is clear that resisting her is futile. As both Eah and Anu both fail to stop this vengeful symbol of chaos and the passions, there is great fear from the progeny of the first couple, through it must be said that this second tablet is damaged, and only so much can be taken from it. The only one that has the ability to stand up to the forces of chaos now is Marduk himself, and ths is the purpose of tablet III. Significantly, section 130 of Tablet III has Marduk confronting chaos with rhetoric of civilization: Unalterable shall be what I may bring into being; Neither recalled nor changed shall be the command of my lips! Now hasten here and promptly fix for him your decrees, That he may go forth to face your mighty foe! When Lahmu and Lahamu heard this, they cried out aloud, All the Igigi wailed in distress: How strange that they should have made this decision! We cannot fathom the doings of Tiamat! They made ready to leave on their journey, All the great gods who decree the fates Several issues bear discussion at this point. First, Marduk, the god of order and civilization, says that his life will be forever. â€Å"Unalterable shall be what I bring into being. † But what he brings into being is identical to Apollo. Civilization and order, man’s fight against an alleged â€Å"mal-formed† universe, the very heart of Gnosticism and the secret societies who claim ( to this day) to have preserved the wisdom of Apollo, Marduk and Osiris. A council of the gods is called in the beginning of Tablet IV. This council suggests a sort of divine oligarchy of power that will be imitated in Babylon, an oligarchy of wealth, as all civilizations are. The wisdom of Marduk, it seems, is only for the powerful. The gods need to test his abilities, and a test is the destruction and re-creation of matter, things that science, with some reservations, says is impossible. The creation and re-creation of prime matter (really any matter) is the real holy grail for science, since it would permit the scientific elite to create (or re-create) the world nearly from zero, it is the grail of true revolution (cf Hoffman, 2001, for a detailed discussion of this). He passes this particular test and makes a cloak disappear and re-appear, a trick that has substantial ritual overtones. What is interesting here is that Marduk is no dictator, he is commissioned, as some say, to fight Tiamat by the council or pantheon of gods, all springing from the original union of Tiamat and Apsu. His weapons are the four winds of destruction, which seems to suggest that the forces of order can use, but not necessarily control, the forces of disorder for their own purposes (e. g. the water wheel, or the use of wind to harness power). It is this wind, and the chariot of destruction that Marduk rides, that eventually with destroy Tiamat: she is â€Å"inflated† by the use of the winds of destruction, and she is then killed by an arrow. With the carcass of Tiamat, Marduk will fashion the earth, with its laws, joining form with matter, as well as â€Å"setting the bounds† of the waters in an ordered universe. I’m still waiting to see exactly how this has anything to do with the Genesis story that many authors claim show â€Å"unmistakable† connections (see Heidel, 1966). At the very end of Tablet IV, at section 150 (which is apparently cut off) it is written: He crossed the heavens and surveyed the regions. He squared Apsus quarter, the abode of Nudimmud, As the lord measured the dimensions of Apsu. The Great Abode, its likeness, he fixed as Esharra, The Great Abode, Esharra, which he made as the firmament. Anu, Enlil, and Ea he made occupy their places. This is of immense importance, since out of chaos, civilization is born, everything, both man and matter, â€Å"has its place† and function with the rationally organized whole. But in order to do this, Marduk and his allies needed the â€Å"tablets† of knowledge that the goddess of Chaos had. But Tablet IV says that â€Å"these are not rightly his† (first line, section 130). Hence, the manipulation and destruction of the pristine nature (rather than chaos) is not the right of civilization. Marduk has created civilization and ordered the universe with form and number, law and regularity that civilization will take as its hallmark. But Marduk has no right to do this. His is the right of conquest. Tablet V is the most interesting of all the sections of this story. It is really the description of the infusion of order and number into chaos. It is the creation of the universe by the infusing of wisdom, that is, form, into chaos, that is, matter. The seasons of the agricultural year are ordered in the cycle of birth and death that already plants the seeds (so to speak) of all civilization’s eventual destruction. He creates the planets and their movements, and lastly, given the law giving of the natural world, he creates the human city, the lowest of the orders of nature, law of the city is the law of form in matter. It is the later natural law theory of human relations. This section of the tablet sums it up: Below I have hardened the ground for a building site, I will build a house, it will be my luxurious abode. I will found therein its temple, I will appoint its inner rooms, I will establish my sovereignty. When you come up from the Apsu for assembly, You will spend the night in it, it is there to receive all of you. When you descend from heaven for assembly, You will spend the night in it, it is there to receive all of you. I will call its name Babylon which means the houses of the great gods, I shall build it with the skill of craftsmen (section 130) This is likely the most important section of the story, in that it describes, not an Adam and Eve in a non-civilized paradise ordered by God, but civilization, the domination of men over nature under the decrees of Marduk. Nothing more different could be imagined. It is worth noting that only after Cain had killed his brother is the first city formed. The city is the place of sin, the place where the elite oppress the poor in the name of law and order. In the Babylonian story, it is the opposite, the very structure of Marduk’s wisdom is manifest in the city, that is a city only in that it is established by the sovereignty of Marduk. Tablet VI is the story of human creation, again without the slightest relation to the Hebrew story. Man, in short, is created by the blood of the second husband of Tiamat, the leader and instigator of the revenge on Tiamat’s progeny, and that is Kingu. Man is created with the blood of the first rebel, the consort of the goddess of chaos. Man is created, basically, to work as slaves for the gods, to manifest their wisdom and order at the lowest, material level. Several issues should be taken from the above: first, that man is a creation of two forces, light and darkness, chaos and order, wisdom and passion. These are opposite in the sense of bearing dialectical movement to higher and higher levels of synthesis. Second, that this is the pagan wisdom so beloved of the Masons and other societies, it is the beginnings of magic. Magic, given the above, is the ability to balance the order of the universe with its underlying drive to destruction and atomization. Force is at the root of this synthesis: force brought order and chaos together, form and matter. Force destroyed Tiamat, force created the world. Hence, all is force, all is manipulation. Magic takes its start from here. Man will not rest content begin the plaything of the Gods. He is made from the blood of rebellion, yet the order of the universe is to be found in him. This IS the very foundation of magic: making of one’s own order, not the god’s order. The creation and re-creation of matter in the council where Marduk proves his mettle is a symbolic and ritual form that shows the coming rebellion of men: to seek the power of the gods for themselves, for them to become gods themselves. This later myth is brought to fruition in Prometheus and Lucifer. Marduk and his creation of man is the fulness of man’s development, through it is far from clear that this development is a good thing. Civilization partakes of both forms of existence, chaos and order: it uses order in its general affairs, seeks the domination of Tiamat through technology, but also uses chaos, things such as subterfuge, massacre in war and other devices to maintain this order. Order is self defeating in that it must, like Marduk himself, use disorder in the maintenance of order. These two principles of the universe are at the root of all paganism: the moral equivalence of light and dark, order and disorder. There is no sin, only inappropriateness, something that any good magician would know. The nature of pagan religion here is manifest in the last Tablet: Who produces riches and treasures, establishes abundance; Who has turned all our wants to plenty; Whose favoring breeze we felt in sore distress. Let them speak, let them exalt, let them sing his praises! (Section 30) Marduk is not a god of mercy or of goodness, but he is the later Baal, the god who one approaches to ask for things. Through civilization, Marduk gives prosperity and treasure, but at a price. Civilization demands sacrifice, sacrifice through war, accident, disease and overcrowding. It seems that only the elite will share in Marduk’s wisdom. It is the continued multiplication of want and desire. It is the never ending cycle of spring and winter, want and satisfaction, good and bad, life and death, war and peace. References: Enuma Elish. (2006) Translated and Introduced by Dennis Bratcher. CRI Institute Press. Hoffman, Michael. (2001) Secret Societies and Psychological Warfare. Independent Press. (Excellent resource for explaining how the ancient pagan creation myths are used by modern civilization as a form of control). Heidel, Alexander. (1963). The Babylonian Genesis. University of Chicago Press.

Effect of Density on Growth Condition of Climbing Perch

Effect of Density on Growth Condition of Climbing Perch The Effect of Density on Growth Condition of  Anabas Testudineus YUSLINDA BINTI MAT YUNUS CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY Climbing perch or ikan puyu or betuk (Anabas Testudineus) (Bloch, 1792) is a freshwater species that is commonly found in paddy fields, wells, irrigation channels and in drains. Climbing perches are fishes that are able to travel short distances across the land in search of new water sources or food. Although Thai Climbing Perch has been described as omnivorous, it has a tendency toward carnivorousness (Besra, 2000). Climbing perches are kept for consumption and also for companion animals. This study is to study the effect of stocking density on the growth condition of the climbing perch (Anabas Testudineus) and the best stocking density suitable to maximize the growth of the climbing perch (Anabas Testudineus). To get the exact growth rate of climbing perch, several densities are used, such as 2 fishes/tank, 4 fishes/tank, 6 fishes/tank and 8 fishes/tank. The future extension of this study is the researcher hypothesized that a standardized stocking density of Anabas Testudineus can be used to maximize the growth rate of the Anabas Testudineus thus increasing the quality of the currently available Anabas Testudineus in Malaysia. Climbing perch can become a backbone to the increasingly aquaculture industry as one of the main sources of protein to the human consumption as the tilapia and carp are currently ranked top of the most fishes cultured in Malaysia. 1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT Since climbing perch are not being cultured and reared commercially in Malaysia, the optimum stocking density of climbing perch is remain unknown for human consumption. Therefore, the rearing of climbing perch under different stocking density is the most suitable method to investigate the most optimum density that the climbing perch can gain most weight on the shortest duration. One of the concerns and issues related to the climbing perch is the availability of the climbing perch for commercial consumption in Malaysia. The climbing perch are not deemed as one of the favourites for the consumption due to its acquired taste and also small in size. 1.3  OBJECTIVES The objectives of the experiment are as follows: To study the effect of different stocking densities on the growth condition of climbing perch (Anabas Testudineus) from different aspects such as from the live weight, survival rate and appearances. To examine the best stocking densities suitable to maximize the growth of climbing perch (Anabas Testudineus) HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY H0 = There will be a decrease in the growth condition of climbing perch as the stocking density increase. 1.4  SCOPES OF THE STUDY The scope of the research is as follows: Only local species ikan puyu (Anabas Testudineus) will be studied in the laboratory. Only one commercial feed were given to the fishes without any additional supplements will be given The research will be conducted in 2 months’ time. 1.5  LIMITATIONS OF STUDY Since the culturing of the Anabas Testudineus from the hatching is quite consuming, the Anabas Testudineus on juvenile stage and forward will be used in the research. Other limitations of the study are that the difficulty of observing the fishes due to its behaviour and size. To solve the limitations, aquaculture tanks will be used instead of ponds so that the fishes can be observed more carefully and more precise results can be obtained. 1.6  SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY Overall, this research can be used for the determination of the optimum density suitable for rearing the climbing perch (Anabas testudineus) that have the maximum growth rate. Other than that, this research can be used as an aspect in determining the standardization of the density required to rear the climbing perch at optimum rate and size. In the future study, this research can be used to rear the climbing perch on larger and commercial scale that can produce and harvest a larger amount of fish that can ultimately support the current consumption of the climbing perch. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1  NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF CLIMBING PERCH According to Wimalasema et.al (1995), climbing perch has edible flesh of approximately of 40.1 ±9.4 grams from its overall weight of 140 grams, moisture content of 70 grams, carbohydrate percentage of 4.4 %, lipid percentage of 8.8 %, protein content of 14.8 %, ash percentage of 0.7 ± 0.4 %, potassium content (mg/g%) of 272.2 mg/g%  ± 57.8 mg/g%, sodium content (mg/g%) of 60.5 mg/g%  ± 8.5 mg/g%, calcium content (mg/g%) of 410 mg/g%, phosphorus content (mg/g%) 390 mg/g% and iron content (mg/g%) of 1.4 mg/g%. The moisture, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and ash contents of marine fish are reported as 66 – 84 %, 0 2.9 %, 15 – 20 %, 0.1 – 20 % and 0.8 – 2 % respectively (Wimalasema et.al, 1995). When the data is compared, climbing perch has quite high percentage of moisture, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and ash contents. This can be used to substitute or replace the demand of marine fish and may provide better nutrient value for money spent. 2.2  TAXONOMY OF CLIMBING PERCH Anabas Testudineus The classification order of the climbing perch genus, Anabas Testudineus are as follows: Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Actinopterygii Order: Perciformes Family: Anabantiade Genus: Anabas Species: Anabas testudineus (Bloch, 1792) Figure 1: Taxonomy of climbing perch 2. 3  EFFECTS OF NUMBERS OF CLIMBING PERCH Anabas Testudineus According to the Khatune et. al (2012), stocking density is related to the volume of water or surface area per fish. Increase in stocking density results in increasing stress, which leads to higher energy requirements, causing a reduction in growth in growth rate and food utilization. It is directly related with the competition for food and space (Rahman et al. 2008d, 2010; Rahman Verdegem 2010). Generally, fish needs to compete less for food and space in lower stocking density than the higher stocking density. The present study provides empirical evidence on the effects of Thai climbing perch stocking density on its growth and survival, where they (growth and survival) were higher in ponds with lower stocking density than the ponds with higher stocking density. There are no previous studies comparing the effects of Thai climbing perch density on its growth and survival in aquaculture ponds. However, Suresh Lin (1992) reported decreasing growth of tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Lin naeus 1758) with increasing stocking density. Similar effects of stocking density on survival and growth observed in a wide variety of fish species (Huang Chiu 1997; Imsland et al. 2003; Irwin et al. 1999; Rahman 2006; Rahman Verdegem 2007; Rahman et al. 2008a). According to Khatune et.al (2012), the harvesting weight of climbing perch of 350, 400, and 550 individuals per decimals are 90.03 ±0.04 grams, 87.73 ±0.95 grams and 84.15 ±0.49 grams respectively. The harvesting length of climbing perch of 350, 400, and 550 individuals per decimals are 14.95 ±0.07 cm, 14.30 ±0.28 cm, and 13.55 ±0.0 cm respectively. 2.4  CULTURING CLIMBING PERCH (Anabas Testudineus) WITH OTHER BREED OF FISH Mondal et. al (2010) found that Thai Climbing Perch can be cultured along with other fishes such as tilapia and still showed a high survival rate and growth rate. It is suitable to kept Thai Climbing Perch in cage and other fishes outside the cage compared to the conventional mixed culture system in the same pond without the cage. This is due in the conventional culture system, interspecies and intra-specific competition occurred for food between Tilapia and Thai Climbing Perch that resulted lower growth of Thai Climbing Perch. Culturing Thai Climbing Perch with other species in caged perch system is also more beneficial as it reduces the overall operational cost and increases the net return even though the initial cost for cage is high due its small size, followed by mixed culture and lowest net profit for caged Tilapia. 2.5  CULTURING OF CLIMBING PERCH UNDER DIFFERENT CULTURE SYSTEMS According to Kumar et.al (2013), A. testudineus was found to be highest in pond compared to cage and tank, indicating fastest growth under pond environment, although no significant variation was observed among the different systems. The slopes in all the culture systems were found to be significantly lower than critical isometric value, indicating negative allometric growth; the species becomes leaner as the length increases. Kumar et. al (2013) also noted that environmental factors highly influence the growth performance of an organism. 2.6  IDENTIFICATION OF MALE AND FEMALE OF CLIMBING PERCH (Anabas Testudineus) According to Perera et. al (2013), they noted that the sexual dimorphism in Anabas testiduneus does not distinctly appear, however, it is practically possible during the breeding season. The identification of male and female can be done on the basis of some external features. Male climbing perch are body coloured and darker while females have slightly brighter body colour. Males are slender in appearance while female have swollen abdomen or girth that is distended with the ovary development. When the males are pressed gently on the abdomen, they eject milt while female eject yellowish eggs. Female have greater distance between the base of the pectoral fins than the length of ithmus compare to the male which has lesser length. In the breeding season, the female exhibits a prominent bulge at the vent that resembling genital papilla where the male lack such appearance. 2.7  BREEDING BEHAVIOUR OF CLIMBING PERCH (Anabas Testudineus) Bhuyan et. al (2014) cited that the adults of Anabas testudineus are solitary and aggressive. In nature, the eggs are scattered in open water at the onset of the rains without any nest. The male wraps itself in the female body, fertilizing the eggs as they are laid. Each time 200 colourless eggs are released until about 5000 numbers are laid. The fecundity varies from 5000-35000 numbers. The eggs rise to the surface and float. The eggs hatch in 24 hrs and the fry are about 2-3 mm long. They are free swimming within two days of hatching. In case of artificial breeding with pituitary or synthetic hormone, a single dose of injection for both the male and female spawning actively and courtship behaviour starts after 6 hrs of injection. The water temperature to be maintained is at 280C + 10C. Fertilized eggs float in the surface of water. It takes 18-19 hours for hatching after spawning and newly hatches larvae measures 1.9-2.0 mm in length without any movement. Yolk sac completely absorbs on third day after hatching and settles at the bottom. Egg custard, plankton and Artemia are supplied as artificial feed for those fries up to 20-25 days. The survivability varies from 70-75%. 3.8  SALINITY TOLERANCE OF CLIMBING PERCH (Anabas Testudineus) According to Chotipuntu et.al (2010), they found that eggs successfully hatched in salinities up to 4.5 ppt. In higher salinities hatching dropped and met the lethal median concentration at 5.1 ppt. No hatch was observed in salinities beyond 7.5 ppt. This suggests that a salinity of 4.5 ppt is a threshold concentration for hatching viability of climbing perch eggs. The unsuccessful hatching of freshwater eggs in saline water may result from various factors such as a reduction in activity and viability of sperm due to the inhibition of sperm-activating substances. Salt contained in media may also cause chemical changes in the eggs that triggers releasing of a developmental block or generates irreversible changes that prevent fertilization. Fry of climbing perch were found to tolerate higher salinity than larvae and eggs. Chotipuntu et.al (2010) also found growing the climbing perch in salinity of 6 7 ppt to obtain the best growth. Brackish water ponds of salinities up to proximately 11 ppt are utilizable for climbing perch culture. Brackish water ponds of salinities levels up to proximately 4 ppt are practical for spawning and nursing of climbing perch. CHAPTER 3 MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY 3.1 TYPE OF MATERIALS USED IN THE RESEARCH 90 climbing perch (Anabas testudineus) 15 aquaculture tanks (3 ft. x 3 ft. x 3ft.) 1 weighing scale Commercial feed pallet River water Mesh net Multi-parameter kit 3.2 ORIGIN OF THE CLIMBING PERCH (Anabas testudineus) All the climbing perch (Anabas testudineus) will be obtained and supplied from the cultured climbing perch from the villagers from Cherang Ruku, Pasir Putih, Kelantan. All the fishes will be selected according on their length of the body and stage of production. All the fishes will have the initial range of weight from 16 to 50 grams for both male and female with accepted difference in weight of 10 grams to 20 grams. 3.3  EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The research will have four different treatments with three replications for each treatment. The treatments will be 2 fishes/tank, 4 fishes/tank, 6 fishes/tank, and 8 fishes/ tank. This will enable the researcher to determine the best density of the climbing perch to gain the most live weight and the largest size on a small scale. The experiment will take two months or eight weeks. The temperature, and light period will be specific during the research period where the designated temperature is at room temperature and light period is 12 hours. The water of the tanks will be changed every week. Kiambang will be placed in the tanks. The tanks also will be closed with lid with a hole made that enable the exchange of gas occurs and also to prevent the climbing perch from escaping. The ammonia level is also regulated. 3.4  EXPERIMENTAL METHOD The climbing perch will be placed in smaller aquaculture tanks according to the predetermined numbers. Juvenile climbing perch will be feed twice a day using formulated feed where the feed had been weighted by the weighing scale where the feed given is 3% of body weight. The climbing perch’s live weight will be measured using weighing scale for two months with interval of one week of each weighing. The live weight and survival rate of the climbing perch will be recorded into the datasheet. The data will be analysed and evaluated. CHAPTER 4 EXPECTED RESULT For the climbing perch, the smallest stocking density will have the largest weight gain. There will be an increase of mortality weight as the stocking density increases. There will be an increase of ammonia level and turbidity level as the stocking density increases. The smallest stocking density will have the longest length in the body measurement while the largest stocking density will have the shortest length in the body measurement. Analysis of the data will be calculated using the SPSS software and the ANOVA will be calculated using the same software. GANTT CHART REFERENCES Pal, M. Chaudhry, S. 2010.Anabas testudineus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on24 March 2015. Chotipuntu, P., Avakul, P. (2010). Aquaculture potential of Climbing Perch, Anabas testudineus, in Brackish Water. Walailak J.Sci. Tech., 7(1), 15–21. Kumar, K., Lalrinsanga, P. L., Sahoo, M., Mohanty, U. L., Kumar, R., Sahu, a K. (2013). Length-weight Relationship and Condition Factor of Anabas testudineus and Channa Species under Different Culture Systems, 5(1), 74–78. doi:10.5829/idosi.wjfms.2013.05.01.64201 Mondal, M., Shahin, J., Wahab, M., Asaduzzaman, M., Yang, Y. (2011). Comparison between cage and pond production of Thai Climbing Perch (Anabas testudineus) and Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) under three management systems. Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University, 8(2), 313–322. doi:10.3329/jbau.v8i2.7943 Zalina, I., Saad, C. R., Rahim, a. a., Christianus, a., Harmin, S. a. (2011). Breeding Performance and the Effect of Stocking Density on the Growth and Survival of Climbing Perch, Anabas testudineus. Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science. doi:10.3923/jfas.2011.834.839 Perch, C., Bloch, A. (2004). Effect of Different Feed on Larval / Fry Rearing of, 36(1), 13–19. P. A. C. T. Perera, K.A.H. T. Kodithuwakku, T. V. Sundarabarathy U. Edirisinghe (2011), Captive Breeding of Anabas testudineus (Climbing Perch) under Semi-artificial Conditions for the Mass Production of Fish Seed for Conservation and Aquaculture, Insight Ecology Journal, DOI: 10.5567/Ecology-IK.2013.8.14 Sonmoina Bhuyan, Dipanjan Kashyap B. Kalita, Seed production of Climbing perch (Anabas testudineus)through Natural and Induced breeding, Retrieved from http://aquafind.com/articles/Production-of-Anabas-testudineus.php

Dinosaurs :: Essays Papers

Dinosaurs †¦I found myself with my leg lodged between two trees which the Tyrannosaurus Rex knocked over. I remained totally still knowing that if I moved the T-Rex would see me. The beast came so close to me that I could feel him breathing on my face. The T-Rex however, could not see me because of his poor vision and the time of night. Then I saw my chance, just as he bent over to eye me one more time I struck him in the eye with my knife made of bone. I pushed the knife deeper and deeper into the beast's head until his screaming stopped. The T-Rex fell shaking the earth with its weight. I was hunting for my wife and children who lived in the cave-house I built for them last winter. I and my two boys of the age of sixty and seventy-two seasons skinned the T-rex. It took three days to haul all the meat back to the cave house. My wife stored the meat in the underground cavern we had, which we usually used to hide ourselves from hunting dinosaurs. Our cave-house was located in what was called a cave city. These cities were carved out of a giant mountain and were run by an almighty leader, whom we referred to as the almighty. The people who lived in the cave-city were called commoners, and were referred to as the people. In every cave-city there was a drinking den, where the men of the city could come after a day of hunting and working to kick back and relax. At the drinking den the men enjoyed drinking fresh-made berry juice which would cost only two shells a serving. In the drinking den there were a lot of men who loved to tell stories about what they hunted and how big their catch was. Most of what these men said was half-true. They never told the whole truth in a story. For example if a man were to kill a T-Rex, which was ten thousand, hands tall they would say the Rex was eleven thousand hands tall. I usually went to the drinking den everyday. There were three men whom usually accompanied me there. These men's names were Big Joe, Medium Tim and Tiny Mike. Big Joe was about fifteen hands high and four hands wide, he had a low-pitched voice and was slow in his ways, he had a very short temper and was known for being somewhat of a Klutz.

Containment Of Communism Essay -- Communism Essays

The Cold War is the closest the world has ever come to complete destruction. In this period of time, two world super powers were in a stalemate economically and militarily and were constantly competing to be the superior. The Cold War started as result of World War II, the United States and the Soviet Union had some differences on their perspectives of the world. United States being the richest country in the world promoted democracy and capitalism in the world. The newly formed Soviet Union thought that communism was a better political system because it transformed their economy and status in the world from nothing but a declining empire to a super power once again. The Cold War was a long series of events in which the communist tried to spread their ideas of government and socialist economy, known as expansionism, and the United States and some of the other Western powers such as Great Britain tried to contain it. Containment, a term introduced by George F. Kennan, was the foreign policy the United States practiced from 1946 to 1991 when the Soviet Union collapsed. The United States saw the Soviet Union to be a direct threat to the free world. During president Truman and Eisenhower’s administration the policy of containment evolved so drastically that American presidents would put anything on the line, including world peace. It started with the Truman Doctrine (1947) that stated the United States would help any country financially and militarily that was interested in keeping the world free for democracy. The Truman Doctrine came about as direct result of communist guerillas in Greece trying to take over the government. American advisers believed that the guerillas were taking orders from the Soviets after they launched a civil war against the government. The United States decided to assist the standing government in Greece because they believed it would have a large impact on Europe and most importantly Turkey that was having its own problems with communism and was strategically located next to large oil reserves of Iran. Congress approved $300 million to aid Greece and $100 million in food and military expenses to aid Turkey. The second large step in containment was the Marshall Plan. Proposed by Secretary of State George Marshall, it would provide economic relief to rebuilding Western European nations such as Great Britain, France, Belgium and even... ...ed to nationalize the Suez Canal through which three fourths of all European oil is passed. After several months of negotiations Britain, France and Israel attacked Egypt and retook the canal. United Nations condemned their actions and forced them to give up the canal to Egypt once again. As a result of the Eisenhower convinced Congress to approve the Eisenhower Doctrine that would â€Å"assist any nation in the region that required aid against aggression from any nation controlled by International Communism.† The Eisenhower administration was very careful not to alienate any Middle Eastern countries that could provide the country with a steady supply of oil and this affected his foreign policy and the policy of containment. During the Truman and Eisenhower administration a policy of containment served to save the free world from communism. But at times these two administrations put world peace on the line to prove its superiority as a nation. One cannot judge these events to being wrong or right because values of a nation and people change with time, we can just learn from these events and know that the next time United States has a contest of superiority it could cost us the world.

Teen pregnancy Essay -- Social Issues, Sex Education, health

There are many risks that teenagers take when they decide to have a child at a young age. The baby, as well as the parents, may face long-time problems from the pregnancy. These problems may include school failure, poverty, and physical or mental illness. Babies born to teenagers are at greater risk for neglect and abuse than those of a woman. Teenage mothers may feel like they are being demanded to do the job and they may take their frustration out on the child (When 2000). It is proven that traditional approaches to reducing teenage pregnancy rates such as sex education class or better sexual health services are not effective on their own. (DiCenso. 2004) This research has generated increased interest in the effects of interventions that target the social disadvantage associated with early pregnancy and parenthood. A social disadvantage refers to social and economic difficulties such as poverty, unemployment, and discrimination, and is distributed unequally on the basis of soc io-demographic characteristics such as ethnicity, socio-economic position, educational level, and place of residence. (Anand, 2006) Being a teen parent not only affects the parent but it also affects the child. Children from homes run by teenage mothers have to face almost insurmountable obstacles in life. The incidents of depression and mental health problems, the lack of father figures, and the high rate of poverty often connected to children in homes run by teenage mothers put them at serious disadvantages when compared to children raised in nuclear families. Many people believe that the implementation of sex education in schools and the addition of more federal aid for single parents are major causes for the country's high rate of teen pregnanci... ...ncouraged to finish school if at all possible. This will increase the chances of obtaining a good paying job. There are programs that help teenage mothers complete their curriculum and obtain their diploma such as home bound teaching, and online courses. It is also important for parents and community support to encourage these teens to set realistic goals for their life and give them something to look forward to. It is important for them to know that this is not the end of the world and that they can make it and go far with the love and support of their family. So many teens fall by the wayside because their families give up on them. This is one of the worst things that can be done to them. They are already afraid and feeling alone and when their support system pulls out from under them that can cause major problems for them and possibly the baby as well. Teen pregnancy Essay -- Social Issues, Sex Education, health There are many risks that teenagers take when they decide to have a child at a young age. The baby, as well as the parents, may face long-time problems from the pregnancy. These problems may include school failure, poverty, and physical or mental illness. Babies born to teenagers are at greater risk for neglect and abuse than those of a woman. Teenage mothers may feel like they are being demanded to do the job and they may take their frustration out on the child (When 2000). It is proven that traditional approaches to reducing teenage pregnancy rates such as sex education class or better sexual health services are not effective on their own. (DiCenso. 2004) This research has generated increased interest in the effects of interventions that target the social disadvantage associated with early pregnancy and parenthood. A social disadvantage refers to social and economic difficulties such as poverty, unemployment, and discrimination, and is distributed unequally on the basis of soc io-demographic characteristics such as ethnicity, socio-economic position, educational level, and place of residence. (Anand, 2006) Being a teen parent not only affects the parent but it also affects the child. Children from homes run by teenage mothers have to face almost insurmountable obstacles in life. The incidents of depression and mental health problems, the lack of father figures, and the high rate of poverty often connected to children in homes run by teenage mothers put them at serious disadvantages when compared to children raised in nuclear families. Many people believe that the implementation of sex education in schools and the addition of more federal aid for single parents are major causes for the country's high rate of teen pregnanci... ...ncouraged to finish school if at all possible. This will increase the chances of obtaining a good paying job. There are programs that help teenage mothers complete their curriculum and obtain their diploma such as home bound teaching, and online courses. It is also important for parents and community support to encourage these teens to set realistic goals for their life and give them something to look forward to. It is important for them to know that this is not the end of the world and that they can make it and go far with the love and support of their family. So many teens fall by the wayside because their families give up on them. This is one of the worst things that can be done to them. They are already afraid and feeling alone and when their support system pulls out from under them that can cause major problems for them and possibly the baby as well.

Madly desirous for glory Essay

In the second letter Walton writes about his progress to Archangel. In the letter he describes his crew. Walton’s description of his ship’s master suggests that he is the embodiment of goodness. He frequently applauds the courage of his lieutenant. The lieutenant is ‘madly desirous for glory’. In this letter the theme of alienation arises. Like Victor, Walton’s ambitions isolate him from his family and friends: ‘But it is a still greater evil to me that I am self educated.’ Shelley’s choice of words are designed to anticipate Victor’s need of a friend. It does this by implying that Walton is annoyed that he had no one to teach him, and that he had no companions. The third letter that Walton sends simply expresses confidence in his quest: ‘I write a few lines in haste to say that I am safe – and well advanced on my voyage.’ Shelley may have decided to add a short letter to show that Walton maybe playing down the dangers of his voyage. He finishes the letter by saying: ‘Heaven bless my beloved sister.’ This clearly shows that Walton is a caring person.  The fourth letter is when Walton catches a glimpse of the creature. The crew take Victor on board. Walton believes that he has found a friend in Victor, and confides his ambition. This letter emphasises the admiration and affection that Victor inspires in Walton, who sees great nobility in this ‘divine wanderer’. In some ways Walton can be seen as a double to Victor Frankenstein. Walton rebels against his father’s decision for him to not go to sea. This is very similar to Frankenstein’s father, who dismissed Victor’s interests in science. Walton decides against the life of ease, he explains that ‘My life might have been passed in ease and luxury,’ he explains, ‘but I preferred glory to every enticement that wealth placed in my way.’ Shelley has added this to show a relationship between Victor and Walton. This shows that they have similar characteristics, and desire the same things from life. The fact that Walton is introduced before Frankenstein may show that Shelley was preparing the reader for Victor’s desire for knowledge. Although the two characters can be related to each other, they also have significant differences. Walton is not quite so alienated as Victor. Rather then rejecting companionship, Walton longs for an intimate friend to share his hopes and dreams. To add to this point, Walton is also is not so isolated in his search for knowledge, whereas Victor, whose ‘midnight labours’ and ‘secret toil’ keep him completely secluded. The fact that Walton had a crew around him prevented him from falling into the trap of Victor’s individualism. The first chapter begins in an embedded narrative, with Victor telling his story to Walton. Victor begins his story by describing his early life in Geneva, his tranquil domestic life and the young orphan Elizabeth, who becomes part of the household. Victor’s interest in science eventually takes him to university at Inglostadt. His experiments lead him to the discovery of a secret life force. He constructs a human form out of dead tissue and brings it to life. Horrified by his actions, Victor abandons the creature. One of the main themes portrayed by Shelley in this novel is that of birth and creation. When Victor gave life to the creature, he usurps the role of God. Victor imagines how, ‘A new species would bless me as its creator and source†¦ No father could claim the gratitude of his child so completely as I should deserve theirs.’ This shows that Victor’s main crime is not what he had done, but what he failed to do. He failed to ‘father’ his creation. Victor is an isolated individual. However, unlike Walton, Frankenstein’s isolation is self imposed. It is also ironic in the sense that Victor rejects his family and friends, whilst this is simply what the creature longs for. Victor claims that the rejection of his family is necessary in order to continue the quest for the secret life. Alienation is a key factor in this novel. Victor chooses to isolate himself from others, whereas the creature’s isolation is imposed upon him, due to Victor abandoning him, and people being generally scared of his appearance. However the creature does desire companionship, and he says that he becomes violent when he realises that he will never have this, ‘I am malicious because I am miserable.’ This shows that the creature is humane in the sense that all he wants is a companion, much like any human. So the fact that the creature only becomes ‘malicious because I am miserable’ represents that people become monstro us when the are isolated, and rejected from society. When Victor creates the creature, he is flooded with a huge feeling of anti-climax. Victor repulses the creature on first sight. He refers to the creature as ‘the wretch’ and is horrifies by the thing that he has given life to. This shows that Victor is only concerned with physical appearance. This shows intolerance of imperfection and a flaw in Victor’s character. Victor rejects the creation; this is like a father rejecting his child. When the creature came to life Victor may have realised the enormity of the monstrous deeds that he had committed. The passage in the novel shows Victor to be a monster, as he does not even try to understand the monster’s cries for help. He has forsaken any duties he is expected to perform as a father. When the creature ‘awoke’ from his ‘sleep’ he convulsed. When Victor awakes from his sleep, his muscles also convulse. This could be one of the first signs that the creature is a double of Victor. Victor even describes the monster as ‘my own spirit let loose from the grave†¦ forced to destroy all that was dear to me’ Victor has given a clear expression of the notion that he and the creature may be doubles, with the creature acting out Victor’s own aggressions. Shelley’s description of the creature is full of pathos. The first things that the creature desires are love and affection, as all newborn things want. However, Victor denies him this. When Victor awakes from his dream, he finds the creature reaching out a hand towards him. Victor rejects this appeal for help from the creature.  This passage from the novel may parody ‘The creation of man’ by Michelangelo, which shows God stretching out his hand to give life to Adam. The analogy of this is that Victor is playing God and that the creature is Adam. Another parody is the story of Prometheus, who stole fire from the Gods and gave it to the people on earth. The analogy of this is that Victor has stolen the power of life from the God’s and given it to the people. This is the reason for the book has the subtitle ‘The modern Prometheus’. Victor may be seen as monstrous in this passage, as he is usurping the role of woman, which goes against the laws of nature.

Informative Speech 101

Speech 101 D 10/14/12Delivery Outline IntroductionAttention getter: Take the time to think, how well do you know the people you call friends?Reveal topic: John Wayne Gacy was one of the Notorious Serial Killer in the United States.Thesis: Gacy was one of the well-known serial killers during the 1970’s. Credibility: In a 1982 news paper article from the Washington Post News â€Å"Gacy killed at least 33 young teenage boys by lower them to work for him. †Preview: We will look at details involving gacy life such as his early life, Serial killing, and his trial. Transition sentence: Let us begin with how he was raised.I. Gacy Early childhood lifeA. Attended Catholic school1. He was not a very popular kid in school.2. According to Racheal Bell in the Crime Library, â€Å"He always remained active with other children and thoroughly enjoyed outdoor scouting activities. †B. Family relationships1. Gacy relationship with his mother and sisters were very strong.2. According to Racheal Bell in the Crime Library, â€Å"his father was an abusive alcoholic who physically abused his mother and verbally abused him and his sister. Gacy deeply wanted to gain his father devotion and attention.Transition sentence: Now that you have a better understanding of his early life, let’s talk about the Serial killing.II. Serial KillerA. Pogo the Clown/Killer Clown1. His alter ego was one of the ways he lower young boys in his home.2. According to the Crime and Investigation crime files â€Å"Gacy had convinced his self that his alter personality Jack Hanson had committed the murders and was trying to frame him for them. †B. According to the Crime and Investigation crime files â€Å"Gacy was making sexual advances to young employees within his father-in-law’s restaurant. †1.Mark Miller was one of gacy’s first victims which had gotten away.2. As said in a 1975 article from Chicago Tribune states, â€Å"Gacy just couldn’t resist his urges of making sexual advances towards young boys. He increased his interest in gay pornography and violent mood swings. †Transition sentence: Now that you know how/when he started the killing, let’s talk about the trial (conviction).III. Gacy on trail(conviction)A. Confession and Trial1. According to the book Killer Clown: The John Wayne Gacy Murders â€Å"Left a stunning impression on the jurors and the courtroom spectators, who were learning some details for the first time.2. According to Michael Buchanan of the criminal law blogâ€Å"Gacy admitted to detectives that he had committed approximately 30 murders, all of them teenage males. Once back at Gacy's residences, the young men would be handcuffed and choked as they were sexually assaulted. Some of the teenagers had been strangled with a tourniquet, which Gacy referred to as his â€Å"rope trick†. Most of the victims, Gacy said, were buried in the crawl space of his home where, periodically, he would pour lime to hasten the decomposition of the corpses. †B. Gacy was convicted of all 33 murders1.He was sentenced to serve 12 death sentence and 21 natural sentences.2. He died by lethal injection on May 10, 1994 at Stateville Correctional Center in Illinois.Transition sentence: So I ask you, do you know the people you associate with on a daily basic? Conclusion The world we live in today you just can’t be too sure of who you know or who you want to get to know. Gacy was one of the well-known serial killers across the U. S during the 1970’s. As we can see Gacy wasn’t brought up to do the things he did(Yes of course he really didn’t have a father, but I felt that was not an excuse. )